INTRODUCTION TO LOCAL FIElD TRIP

This is the content f1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1Background Information Field trips are exciting educational opportunities for students and teachers alike. They are designed to enhance the educational experience for all students and provide the students with an opportunity to learn outside the classroom. While these trips are often informative and eye-opening experiences for many students, they require planning and special considerations, especially related to the health needs of students. Federal laws afford all students, including those with special health care needs, the right to participate in these educational experiences. Therefore, it is evident that the schools are a critical partner in planning and executing safe and rewarding field trips for all students. The most successful field trips are the result of collaboration and team planning among school administrators, teachers, other school staff, parents and students. In addition, school districts should have clear districtwide policies and procedures that inform team planning regarding field trips. The Connecticut State Department of Education’s (CSDE) Field Trips: Guidance for Schools(Field Trip Guidelines) are intended to provide students and school districts with information, resources and guidance needed to develop safe plans for the health care needs all students on field trips. Schools should use these guidelines in conjunction with their individual school district policies and procedures. The Field Trip Guidelines include definitions of school-sponsored trips, including field trips and extra-curricular activities, and health related terms; applicable federal and state laws; planning and assessment considerations; suggested responsibilities for the various professionals involved; and useful checklists to assist in the planning and successful management of field trips 1.2 Objectives of Field Exercise The objectives and the aims of the field trip are: 1) To provide firsthand experience 2) To stimulate interest and motivation in science 3) To add relevance to learning and interrelationships 4) To strengthen observation and perception skills 5) To promote personal (social) development 6) To promote tourism development along the coastal line of Lagos. 7) To carve-out socio-economic roles for tourism providers vis-à-vis adjoining settlement 8) To assess the socio-economic contribution of tourism development on the host community 9) To recommend a way forward towards the enhancement of coastal tourism in Nigeria 1.3 Studied Area: 1. Idanre resort centre 2. Awara water scheme 1.4 History of Awara Dam In 1950, the Awara water scheme was constructed and was commissioned 1957 and began producing water to augment the Zones distribution system. The Well House contains one deep well pump that feeds the system using either pressure or reservoir tower levels. The well water is disinfected using chlorine in the form of sodium hypochlorite and is pumped to the distribution system. In the event of a power failure, the well house is equipped with a diesel generator of 800 kilo watt Water Filtration Plant Awara water scheme consists of about 40metres depth of water main, 170cubic metres (m3) of water storage in three reservoirs, and a groundwater well supply of 1360 m3 per day with a power supply of 800 kilo watt The Town often receives requests from educators, organizations, and interested citizens for information regarding the water treatment facilities and processes in the City of Ikare. To help answer these questions, we are pleased to provide the information outlined below on Awara water scheme Ikare water treatment and distribution system. The Awara Water Filtration Plant has two intakes. The primary intake has a nominal diameter of 1000mm, and a total length of 374 metres. The second intake has a nominal diameter of 600 mm, and a length of 84.6 metres. This intake is to be used in the event of an emergency. The intake operates by gravity flow. Chlorine is applied to the intake bell of the 1000 mm diameter intake in Dam. Raw water is sampled at the intake bell and pumped by sample pump to the plant laboratory. Raw Water Screens the traveling water screen is the unit primarily used to prevent coarse materials in the raw water from entering the low-lift suction well. When this unit is taken out of service, the bypass screen can be used. The fitration process takes place with the following machines and chemical stated below: Low Lift Pumping Stations Screened, raw water is pumped from the low lift pump well to the raw water discharge header and then to the plant flocculation tanks. Coagulation is added at a motorized inline blender, located on the discharge header of the low lift pumps. The low lift pumping station is equipped with four pumps. Flocculation The plant is equipped with three passes of two-stage hydraulic flocculation. Flocculation is a process that clarifies the water. Clarifying means removing turbidity (e.g., suspended sediment or fine particles) and colours so that the water is clear and colourless. The process of flocculation basically involves causing a precipitate to form in the water by entrapping the small particles, which then stick together, or coagulate, to form bigger particles. The coagulated precipitate takes most of the suspended particles out of the water, which can then be removed through simple physical methods such as filtration. Filtration There are two types of filters in the Awara Water Filtration Plant. The original Filters 1 and 2 are gravity flow with a dual media consisting of granular activated carbon and sand with a gravel support and clay tile under drains. Filters 1 and 2 use water surface wash agitators to agitate the media during the low water wash phase of the wash cycle. Filters 3 and 4 are gravity flow with a granular activated carbon and sand media with strainer under drains capable of an air scour during backwash. The objective of filtration is to remove flock particulate matter from the water prior to disinfection to optimize the disinfection processes. Backwash The backwash system uses treated water from the clearwells for backwashing the filters. Two vertical turbine pumps are provided for backwash purposes. The objective of the backwash system is to provide an adequate backwash to minimize filtered water effluent turbidity, maximize solids carrying capacity of the media, and, consequently, maximize filter run time. Post-Filtration Chlorine Contact Tanks Filtered water is collected in a filtered water effluent header, directed through a common point for chlorine addition and directed into a two-stage baffled chlorine contact tank. The two stages are identified as Chlorine Contact Tank 1 and Chlorine Contact Tank 2. The objective of the chlorine tanks is to provide a defined period of contact between the filtered water and the chemical disinfectant, chlorine. The tanks were designed to provide for three-log inactivation of viruses, which represents the level of virus inactivation appropriate for the City of Orillia's water source. On-Site Reservoir Storage The clearwell consists of two cells, each with an approximate capacity of 1500m³. The clear well provides buffering capacity for changes to and differences in high lift pumping and filtration rates. The clear well also provides a supply of water for filter backwashing. All of the water discharged from the chlorine tanks passes to the clear well. Three high-lift pumps and one backwash pump draw from each cell, ensuring a continued water supply to each pressure zone in the distribution system and for backwash operations. High Lift Pumping Station The high lift pumps discharge treats water from the clearwells into two pressure zones in the distribution system. Each zone is supplied by three pumps with the option of obtaining water from either cell of the clear well. Ultraviolet Disinfection System The plant is equipped with three ultraviolet (UV) disinfection reactors located on the high lift pump discharge. Chlorination System The chlorination system consists of five chlorinators. The primary function of the chlorination system is to supply chlorine to the various application points for chemical disinfection of viruses. Chlorine can be used as a backup to the UV disinfection system in the event of a partial or complete failure of that system. Pre-chlorine is typically added to the intake diffuser in proportion to the raw water to protect against zebra mussels. Post-chlorine is added before the filtered water enters the chlorine contact tanks and is considered the primary application point for the chemical in the plant disinfection system. Top up of the chlorine residual at the Zone 1 and 2 high lift headers may be necessary to ensure an optimal level for maintenance of residual in the water distribution system. Chlorine is applied at these final locations in proportion to the discharge flow into the zone. Control panels We offer a wide range of manual and automatic controls, providing a selection of functions that make the pumps work at their most efficient. FCP 500 Complete start- and control equipment with built-in Flygt APP 521 pump controller incl. all necessary functions for start stop and monitoring. The panel is built with separate compartment for control and power circuits respectively, i.e. adjustments and fault tracing can easily be done securely screened from power circuits. The power compartment is arranged with a door-interlocked main isolator switch. The supply side is securely screened from live-parts. FCE Three-phase control panel, for automatic duty or manual operation of one or two pumps with Flygt level regulator ENM-10, the control panel includes a main supply switch and motor protection switches for each pump. All panels are prepared for supervision with MiniCAS II or MicroCAS, the FCE panels are available in four levels of option package (S, M, L, E). EPE Three-phase control panel, for manual or automatic operation of one or two pumps with Flight level regulator ENM-10. The control panel includes a contactor with thermal overload relay and control voltage 24 VAC. Must be connected to separate fuses/mini circuit breakers for each pump and control. The EPE panels are available in three versions (S, M, and L) The newly-rehabilitated Awara Water Supply Scheme (Awara Dam) in Ikare-Akoko, Akoko North-East Local Government Area of the Ondo State will supply 6.7million litres of potable water to the people of Ikare, Akungba in Akoko South-West andArigidi-Akoko in Akoko North-West area of the state, when completed. Managing Director of NASTON Engineering, the firm handling the rehabilitation of the project, Kole Funso disclosed this during a working visit to the facility by the State Governor, Dr Olusegun Mimiko. Mimiko, who was conducted round the Dam expressed satisfaction over the level of work done, and assured that the project will be commissioned soon. The governor stressed the importance of potable water supply both for industrial and domestic use and reiterated the commitment of his administration to the provision of this essential need for the people of the state. According to him, the Dam was built in 1956 but it had not undergone any major rehabilitation for years. He also pointed out that some repairs would still be carried out on damaged pipelines that would supply water to some communities in Ikare suburbs, so that the multi-billion naira project could achieve its desired objective. Mimiko said: “The project is ready for commissioning and I’m very happy at the quality of the job done. It was professionally done. You will recall that Awara Dam was built in 1950, commissioned in the year 1957 and since then, there had not been a major rehabilitation there. “What we have carried out in the last few years is a total overhaul of Awara, this is like a brand new Awara Dam. We hope that we would have enough water to serve Ikare Township up To Akungba. Although, there are still some issues with reticulation within Ikare itself, some of the burst pipes, and once we repair these, there will be enough water for our people,” he said. The governor visited the palace of the Olukare of Ikare, Oba Akadiri Momoh, where he solicited the supports of the monarch and his subjects in providing adequate security for the equipment at the Dam. He also assured the monarch that contracts for the dualization of the road leading to the town and the construction of Mother and Child Hospital in the town would soon be awarded. The Diagram below Illustrates some of the Instruments Used In Awara Water Scheme and the water bodies: 1.5 History of Idanre Idanre hill is one of the most awesome and beautiful natural landscapes in Ondo State and Nigeria. Added to its beauty which fires human curiosity is the fact that the entire people of Idanre lived on these boulders for almost a millennium. Since emigration downhill in 1923, the topography, vegetation as well as the fauna and flora life have remained undistributed. However the festivals provides occasions for reconciliation of the low-Landers and their natural environments as well as reenactments or .historical episodes in local Idanre history and its wider Yoruba ideology, mythology and confederacy According to history, Idanre people used to live high up on the hills, in an area which is now known as Old Oke-Idanre, a major attraction at Idanre Hills Tourist Center. This area consists of old and dilapidated mud buildings roofed in rust-brown iron sheets, set on well laid-out streets. Attesting to the architectural taste of the old Idanre people, the old magistrate court, the first primary school, the Oba’s palace and the market square hold their original place and location at Odeja Village, Old Oke - Idanre. It was recorded that the old Idanre people descended the hills and resettled at the present foothill location of Idanre town. It has also been noted that every street in the new Idanre town has a replica at the Old-OkeIdanre and every family has been allowed to retain ownership of their family houses at the Old enclave. The people are known to be very proud of their heritage in culture and history and these have never ceased to draw tourists of all ramifications to the hilltop site. However, in order to reach the hilltop village site, one will have to ascend 660 steps that lead up the hills. Orosun festival is held annually, every May, in Idanre. It is a week-long activity during which every family in the enclave including the traditional Oba ascends the hills and lives in their family houses at the Old-OkeIdanre. Indigenes of the town travel down home from far and near to partake of the festival which is packed full of interesting activities which include cultural dances at the Old OkeIdanre, Bat-hunting expeditions to the largest and most dread and revered caves on the hills- Owa and Ojomu caves as well as spiritual cleansing of the ancient town and sacrificial offerings to Orosun- the god of the highest peak on the hills (Orosun peak). Idanre hills hold the highest elevation in SW Nigeria- the Orosun peak which attains a height of about 3018 metres above sea level and is often seen towering into the sky with an intimidation shroud of gently floating clouds embracing it. Orosun peak is regarded as sacred and it is worshipped by the people of Idanre. Numerous landmarks abound on the hills. The “Ark of Noah“- an ancient wooden structure made in form of a ship and placed on a relatively flat hilltop. It is often regarded by the ancient people of Idanre as the biblical Ark of Noah; and although Biblical accounts that the ark rested on the Ararat Mountains (Turkey), but this never seem to shake the beliefs of the indigenes as they readily swear by the god of iron (ogun) when a visitor expresses doubt at their claims. figure 1.2 showing the diagram of the wonderful rock which also serve as resting point of the tourist centre for visitors that visits their Idanre Town enclosed by massive inselbergs “The Wonderful Mat” is another interesting attraction at the hill tops. It consists of a unique set of cross-etchings on a rock face. Another one is “The Unreadable Letters of the Flood”, which is indigenously known as “Adìyekòwé, Òyìmbókàátì” inscription which means ‘a white man cannot decipher a chicken’s writing’. It is composed of lines and strokes made on a steep rock at Old Oke-Idanre. The characters are there for people to behold, but no one has come up with convincing interpretations of these letters. In the words of one of the Kabiyesis, he said that through oral history handed down by his great grandfather, the writings can be interpreted thus “We shall be here for a while”; it is believed that the letters are older than Hebrew language, but still waiting to see whoever comes up with any proof. of high regard among the most tourist-demanded sites on the hills is the Agboogun foot print, which is described a human foot print naturally carved on a rock surface. The foot print is said to fit the size of any ones feet except that of people with witchcraft spirits. This belief has been used by the indigenes to detect “witches” in the Idanre community. Also considered to be of great significance is the massive Ojimo baInsel berg. It is considered by the people to have spiritual powers capable of protecting the people in the time of war. The pristine Arun River exudes from a crevice somewhere far away in the hills and winds its way down the steep and rugged slopes of the hills and its volume bulging forming picturesque rapids as various springs link up to it along its course. It is regard as of high importance in the area as it is one of the very few perennial water channels on the mountains. Among the countless caves found on the hills, Owa, Ojomu, Omi-Iwo and Olofin caves are about the most outstanding. Ensconced in an extremely remote area on the hills is the mystifying Owa Cave. It is often said by the people that the cave could accommodate a thousand people. This is especially unbelievable to a visiting tourist as caves of such large extents are rarely formed in granites. Only a visit had cleared such doubts as one is unavoidably held in awe of the dexterous work of nature in crafting the amphitheatre form of the cave. On entering the cave, the visitor is first greeted by the ecstatic calls of its nocturnal tenants as the gloomy recesses swallows him in. With the help of torch lights, the inner features of the cave unfold to reveal guano-coated rock boulders and a crystal-clear spring exuding from the centre of the cave. The cave also has an exit point at its distant end. fig 1.3 showing the diagram of a magic stone during the acient period the stone is used to determined whether to marry or not if a lady is to marry to a man she will be ask to lift up the stone to the level of her breast, however if she was unable to perform the operation as said that shows that her marriage will be forfeited for that year. So therefore she has to wait for another extra year to get married. fig 1.5 Old Oke-Idanre Olofin cave is another awe-inspiring cave situated at a highly inaccessible location on the hills and as a result it is rarely visited by tourists. It is said to be the burial site of Olofin, Oduduwa’s son, who was the first Oba of Old Oke-Idanre. It was also said that special spiritual rites have to be performed for the cave to be opened up for tourist visits. Omi-Iho cave is a picturesque but smaller cave located at the base of a massive outcrop within the present foothill Idanre Town. It has a spring emanating from within it which is said to possess therapeutic powers. People travel down to Idanre to obtain water from this spring for medical purposes. The villagers reiterated that the water can also be used for healing purposes if taken at dawn (just before 6am). The eye-catching Aghaghainselberg is another site worth seeing on the hills. figure 1.3 showing old primary school of idanre As much as the rainy season is not the best time to go visiting the hills as the route to most of the attractions becomes highly inaccessible, it might also be the appropriate time for waterfall-lovers to go exploring the hills as the hilltop waterfall constitutes an exciting attraction at Old Oke-Idanre. Nevertheless, the tourist center is not in a good shape presently as the hilltop tourist chalets are dilapidated and facilities such as paved paths and signs leading to the attractions on the hills, detailed maps, hotels, wildlife reserve etc. are lacking at the hill tourist centre. The construction of a world-class golf resort was started off at a Alade-Idanre, a location just about 2 kilometers from the hills and from which views of the hilly landscape would have been a great advantage; nevertheless, political instability hindered the success of the project as nothing had been heard of it again since then. If the government will do something reasonable about this wonderful and promising haven of natural wonder, the economy of the state and the country at large will definitely receive a significant boost and the external image of the country will be made better. Fig 1 The map showing geographical region of idanre Fig 2 Map of Idanre showing the Rock outcrops at Odode-Idanre 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Water Resources Management in Nigeria The traditional methods of water exploitation in Nigeria consist of direct collection of rain water with pots, guards and other containers and extraction from springs, streams, ponds and wells. Water shortages during the dry season are quite common as many of these Sources dry up. People then have to trek long distances in search of water. Apart from the Problem of irregular water supply from these sources, there is the problem that the water is Untreated and therefore carries organisms parasitic to man. Mabogunje (1965) has reviewed the pattern of water resources development in Nigeria especially during the colonial period. As he pointed out one of the primary objectives ofwater supply development during this period was 'to improve the quality of drinking waterand so reduce the debilitating effect of water-borne diseases on the population'. Because offinancial limitations however, this development was concentrated in a few Centre’s locatedalong major trade and transportation routes serving the export-oriented colonial economy. The first modern water supply scheme in the country was established in Lagos in 1915and by 1953, 27 other waterworks had been built in various parts of the country. Only a fewof these water schemes were wholly financed by the colonial government, the others beingpartly financed by the native authorities. Between 1953 and 1960, the number of towns havingmodem water supplies increased from 28 to 67. The total water consumed per day alsorose from 13.8 million gallons in 1953 to over 57 million gallons in 1960. The amount of588water consumed as well as the number of water schemes has been growing at a phenomenalrate since then. Nearby streams and springs can no longer satisfy the needs of the growingpopulations in urban centers and sources of water are now sought in bigger rivers locatedfarther away from these Centre’s. Bigger and more costly dams as well as large storage tanksare now being built to ensure an adequate and continuous supply of water. The financing ofsuch gigantic water projects is now wholly shouldered by state governments. In the First National Development Plan covering the period 1962-1968 the total allocation for water supply was N 48.6 million or about 3.6 per cent of the total planned capitalexpenditure in the public sector. The actual capital expenditure on water supply during thisperiod was, however, N 49.4 million or 4.4 per cent of the total actual expenditure. In theSecond National Development Plan (1970-1975) launched immediately after the civil war,N 103.4 million or 5 per cent of the total expenditure for the plan period was allocated towater supply and provision of modern sewerage systems for Ibadan and Lagos. There arehowever variations from state to state in the proportion of total expenditure earmarked for Water resources development. The figures range from 20 per cent in North Central State to 6.9 per cent in the South Eastern State. In the Third National Development Plan (1975-1980),N930.038 million or 2.8 per cent of the total planned expenditure in the public sector has been earmarked for water supply schemes. The drop in the proportion of total expenditureearmarked for water supply schemes is to be decried, in view of the fact that Nigeria's percapital expenditure on this important resource is still very low, and compares unfavourably with the situation even in advanced countries where pipe-borne water is already a ubiquitousamenity.It should be realized that adequate and readily available pipe-borne water supply is notonly a social amenity but also an important factor for production. In the rural areas ofNigeria, water is still the most sought-after commodity and it ranks very highly on thepeople's scale of developmental preferences. Hence the launching in recent years of self-helpwater projects in smaller towns and villages aimed at bringing this commodity within easyreach of the people. This logically leads us to the question of the institutional framework formanaging Nigeria's water resources and the relevant policy decisions. As Mabogunje (1965)has rightly pointed out, part of the crisis in the development of water resources in Nigeria isdue to differences of opinion with regard to the objectives of economic development in developingcountries. One school of thought sees the objective of economic development asthat of increasing over a period of time the real income of a country. To achieve this, it isbelieved that development planning should concentrate on expanding infrastructural facilitiesin those places where their effects on the national economy are likely to be most beneficial. This appears to have been the overriding policy of the colonial government in developing Nigeria's water resources at least up to the early fifties when self-government was grantedto the then regional governments in the west, east, and the north. The second school ofthought sees the objective of economic development as the improvement in the standard ofliving of the people through an increase in their per capita income over a period of time. Itis believed by proponents of this view that the provision of such amenities as good roads,pipe-borne water and electricity should be extended to areas where the immediate effectsare likely to be no more than that of improving the quality of life of the people. Policy decisions in Nigeria with regard to the provision of pipe-borne water supplies havetended to veer between these two views of development planning at least up to the time the army came to power in 1966. The present regime seems to be guided in its water resourcesdevelopment policy by the belief that water should be a welfare necessity. However, thedevelopment of Nigeria's water resources is still uncoordinated. Provision of water supplyfor domestic and industrial needs is largely the responsibility of various state governmentswhich often pursue different water development and pricing policies. The various statesnow have water boards or corporations charged with responsibility for the operation andmaintenance of water supply schemes in the state concerned as well as the provision of waterto those areas which at present lack modern water supply facilities. In the northern stateswhere irrigation is practiced, irrigation works have been generally under the Ministry of Agriculture. The present administrative arrangements are obviously not suitable for multipurposedevelopment of Nigeria's river basins since these basins in many cases cut across state boundaries. Besides, water resources development or management involves more than the provisionof pipe-borne water for domestic and industrial needs.Water resources management may be regarded as the modification of the hydrologicalcycle for the benefit of mankind. It involves not only the beneficial uses of water resourcesbut also the prevention, avoidance or minimization of the effects of water excess (flood) ordeficiency (drought) (Douglas, 1973). The major elements of water resources developmentor management therefore include water supply for domestic and industrial uses, irrigation,hydroelectric power, navigation improvement, drainage and flood control, outdoor recreationand fish and wildlife conservation among others. In other words, water resources developmentis concerned with the use of water and related resources for better living (Workie, 1971). What is needed therefore in the Nigerian context is a unified rational approach towater resources planning and development that takes cognizance of prevailing hydrologicalfacts. To achieve an orderly development of the country's water resources to meet future demands, we need to know: (1) The nature and magnitude of the available water resources (2) The future domestic, industrial and agricultural requirements of water and (3) How these requirements can be met. The Federal Government of Nigeria seems to be aware of these needs and is now showinginterest in the development of the country's river basin resources. During the last planperiod (1970-1975), the Federal Government established development authorities for the Sokoto - Rima basin in the North Western State and the South-Chad basin in the NorthEastern State. Studies of four other river basins—the Cross River, the Imo River and the Ogun and Osun Rivers—were commissioned to assess their water resources and irrigationpotential. During the current plan period (1975-1980), the Federal Government proposesto establish five more river basin development authorities bringing to seven the number ofsuch basin authorities in the country. The proposed development authorities would be forthe River Niger basin, the Benue, the Cross, the Ogun/Oshun and the Hadejia/Jamabre River basins. The functions of existing and proposed river basin development authorities should howeverinclude in addition to irrigation which is at present the focus of attention, water resourcesconservation, control and planning involving navigation improvement, the developmentof hydropower (where suitable), fisheries and out-door recreation as well as flood controland land drainage especially in respect of the river basins located in the wetter south. Inother words, there should be multipurpose, rather than single purpose development of theriver basin resources since greater overall economy can be achieved in this way (Workie, 1971). Also since river basins constitute natural subdivisions of water resources, the wholecountry should be divided into its component river basins and each basin administered bya river authority. The Federal Government recently created a new Ministry of Water Resources with responsibilityfor irrigation and dams’ development and the planning and control of water suppliesin Nigeria. The Government is at present studying draft national water legislation submittedby the country's Hydrological Technical Committee. If and when this draft legislationis passed a Water Resources Commission would be created to supervise and control waterresources development and management in the country. The functions and powers of thenewly created Ministry of Water Resources and those of the proposed Water ResourcesCommission should however be clearly spelt out to avoid friction and ensure maximum cooperationand coordination in the country's water resources development and management.The proposed Institute of Water Resources should also be established without delay.The Institute should be charged with responsibility for collating and publishing hydrologicaldata from the river basin authorities and for carrying out basic and applied research in thefields of hydrology and water resources development and management. This Institute couldalso be used for the training of middle-level manpower in these fields. At present, no Nigerianuniversity offers degree or diploma courses in hydrology, hydrogeology or water resourcestechnology. Some of the existing departments of civil engineering and geology in theuniversities could be expanded and the necessary facilities provided for the teaching of thesesubjects. In many countries, teaching programmes in hydrology or hydrogeology usuallyrequire prior knowledge or study of one of the basic sciences like civil engineering, geology,geography, meteorology or agricultural engineering. The hydrologist is then a very valuable expert because of his sound knowledge of related subjects. 2.2 Tourism Activities in Nigeria The phenomenon associated with tourism is wide spread and it incorporates many fields of geography. Only a handful of geographers, however, devote themselves to the geography of tourism. Nevertheless, Fred (2007) explains that tourism differs from travels, as leisure differs from labour. People travel for any number of reasons, from business to war or religious trips. Tourism therefore, if travel undertaken for pleasure. It involves rest and relaxation, sports, cultural exchange, educational and aesthetic experience or eating and shopping, depending on individual taste. Tourism can be categorized into two, domestic international tourism (Okpoko, 2007). Domestic tourism describes travel within the country of residence, while international tourism deals with travels to other countries. Eboka (1999) describes tourism to be a movement of people to destinations outside their normal abode on a temporary or short-term visit as well as the services industries created to satisfy the need arising from these movements within or across international boundaries. According to the United Nations Statistical Commission and the World Tourism Organization in Osamwonyi (2004), “tourism includes activities of people travelling away from their usual environment for leisure, businesses, and other purposes and affecting in various ways the natural and social environment”. Pearce (2007) opined that, “tourism is essentially about people and places, the places one group of people leave, visit and pass through, the other group who make their trip possible and those they encounter along the way”. He went further to stress that tourism Journal of Sustainable Development Studies may be thought of as the relationship and phenomena arising out of the journeys and temporary stay of people traveling primarily for leisure or recreational purposes. 3.0 OBSERVATION AND PERSONAL CHALLENGES 3.1 Observations Observation is one of the key elements in the qualitative research method. It involves looking, sighting and listening very carefully. It is also referred to as an obstructive method of research. The observer is not in direct contact with the observed and still executes the observation successfully. The purpose of carrying out an observation in this research work is to study the impact of tourism development along in Ondo State on the people from the natural setting without influencing their behaviour. In this case, the data from observation will provide deeper quality and richer understanding than any other types of qualitative research method such as interviews. While interview methods study an opinion from an individual point of view, observation tends to retrieve data on a collective basis. However, the basis of the observation is categorized in two ways: tourism activities at Idanre, water resource management at Ikare in ondostate and its socio-economic impact on the people 4.0 REPORT AND ANALYSIS OF THE INTERVIEW 4.1 Report Idanre is bound by longitudes 5°00' E to 5°15' E and latitude’s 7°00' N to 7°15' N, covering an area of 750 km². The general terrain of Idanre stands at a height of between 286-500m above sea level. It is elevated in relation to the surrounding rainforest zone of southwestern Nigeria, which lies at ≈ 200 m abs and for which average temperatures have been recorded between 24 -34°C and rainfall up to 2000 mm. The general cover vegetation in Idanre, especially at the base of Ufe-Oke Hills, is composed of herbaceous species, lianes, climbers and tree seedlings. Among these, dominant genera include Chromolaena, Aspilia, and Combretum. Uphill on Ufe-Oke, shallow valleys and cracks accommodate small trees and shrubs while the gentler slopes form substrates for various families of grass. The deeper valleys and cracks accommodate larger, taller trees such as those from the families Sterculiaceae, Apocynaceae, etc, which appear to take the advantage of the deep soil formed from weathering of the rocks. Large areas of the rock surface also support diverse types of lichen, blue-green algae and patches of moss—important indicators of rock degradation and plant succession. From 2007 up to 2009, sampling was carried out in the study area during four visits: twice in the rainy season (≈ April to October) and also twice in the dry season (≈ November to March). These sampling sessions were car-ried out in the Ufe-Oke section of Idanre Hills across three pre-selected transects, which were designated based on elevation and spatial considerations. These transects are named as follows: Base (below 400 m abs): from the foot of Ufe-Oke section of the hills up to the site of the ancient town, where the topography evens out into more level, horizontal ground. Amid these lower slopes lies the stairway carved out for tourists to ascend into the hills. Mid Height (400 - 500 m abs): The elevation containing the site of ancient Idanre town, which is located on comparatively horizontal ground and lies amidst the highest jutting peaks within the Ufe-Oke area. This transect contains some anthropological features such as deserted huts from the ancient town and little scattered farm plots under active cultivation. The ancient town is divided into four major quarters which are Isalu, Irowo, Idale and Ajin, demarcated by jutting peaks, gulleys and streams. Summit (above 500 m abs): The highest peaks in Ufe- Oke, which protrude above Mid Height, the site of the ancient town. Among these highest peaks is Orosun, from where the headwater of Arunjeje River takes its course. During the field visits, rocks and mineral samples were collected and 4.2 Analysis of the Interview Day one is about the tourism activities at Idanre in Ondo State. This question was meant to measure the level of tourism development in Idanre. All the interviews bear their thought on the recent development, while some shared the view of how it was in the past. Interview revealed that the tourist Centre has increased the value of trade, generating employment opportunities the man whom I interview stated that what inform him of staying here was the traditional religion according to the interview scheduled the hilltop is not made for festival only it’s also made for cultivation of different crops such as cocoa, yam, maize and so many other crops which generate revenue to the community many challenges has been faced at the tourist Centre because of the topography feature and this can be improved by provision of lift and leveling of the areas that seems to be deep than the others, according to him there are some spiritual advantages which can also encouraged people in going to the hilltop such as provision of child and healing of sick people in which the Acient river has be meant for which is called Arun river. Day two (2) since 1950 the construction of Awara dam has been awarded by engineer Robot and ended in 1956, the dam was commissioned in 1957 which means that Awara Dam was constructed within Seven years and what constitute the location of the dam at the location was the availability of water, sufficient space of land, and the topography of the area. During the regime of Dr. Olusegun Mimiko the engineer state that there is plan for the enlargement of the dam, the proportion of the land used for the project is not specified Because of the inadequate measuring tools according to the engineer the level of water supply is (3) times per week with 5million liter’s for public consumption. While the people of ikare say that the water is only released two times in a year and that they are not satisfied with the level of water supply, They states that they have faced so many challenges in the water supply and some pipes has been damaged they also suggests that the government should please gives helping hand with the water corporation to repair the damaged machines, pipes, and also provides electricity power supply to helps improved in the supplying of water. 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Having gone through a critical survey on the impact of tourism and water resources management in Ondo State, it is important to suggest and recommend possible solutions for the improvement of tourism development in the study area in order to positively have an impact on the host community 5.1 Recommendations The government should provide infrastructural facilities in the studied area mentioned earlier in Ondo State. Facilities such as parking space and good road networking should be provided in the studied area. Though these facilities exist at the moment, it is not enough to meet the need of the visitors, especially during the festive period. Providing these facilities will enhance and direct actions towards developing the tourist area as a tourist destination. It will also ensure free flow of traffic in the area, thereby giving the residents peace of mind about the usual traffic jam along the study area during the festive period. As a matter of fact, it will also provide jobs for the residents of the area in terms of road construction and maintenance of the parking space. It is well known that facilities play a significant role in enhancing national development. In other words, if these facilities are put in place, it will serve as an element of development in the studied area in particular and the country in general. The studied areas should be expanded. To avoid over-congestion on the areas, more development should be encouraged to other towns in Ondo State. An observation in this research shows that there are some areas along the Akure road of Ondo State which remain untapped. The government should extend development to these areas to serve as a tourist destination. Extension of development to such areas will directly reduce over-congestion on the already existing tourist center in Ondo. Apart from that, the development will bring about job opportunities to the residents of Ondo which signify an improvement in their socio-economic well-being. Security should also be provided within the water bodies areas of ondo state to ensure safety of lives in the water. Security personnel such as lifesavers and water-guides should be the main priority of the government within the beaches and dams. This will create a good impression among the visitors on the safety of their life. In this regard, the government should partner with the inhabitants of the water scheme region to form a strong water-security in the area. If these can be put in place, it will serve as a social benefit to the tourists and an economic benefit to the inhabitants of the host community. Media awareness is a contributing factor to any tourist destination in the world. The government should try as much as they can to market the Awara dam located at Ikare of Ondo State as a potential tourist destination. Other dam’s destinations of the world such as akure water scheme Ikogosi spring Water Niger River Basin Ilorin and Coastal delsol in Spain are known globally through media promotion and advertisement. The Dam at Ikare in Ondo State has all it takes to match up with the rest of the world in terms of coastal tourism. In that sense, proper and efficient promotion strategy should be implemented and executed in order to market the area and create global awareness. Water Basin management should be encouraged. The Water bodies area of Ondo should be properly managed and maintained by the government. The issue of pollution and solid waste disposal should be properly organized. It is important to know that most of the beaches were shanties and dump areas for residents and visitors and if proper management is introduced, it will eradicate the irregularities and make the region a hygienic environment. It is advisable to introduce a community based environmental sanitation on a weekly basis to arrest environmental degradation and unwanted disposal of waste in the water. The government should come up with a proper policy implementation that would protect the coastal environment from losing value and also protect the inhabitants, investors and other tourism stakeholders in the area. The policy should be harnessed in such a way that it will ensure sustainability of the Water bodies area. The host community should be encouraged to participate in the development of the Dam through a community-based programme put in place by the government. The programme should be totally funded by the government and the representatives of the community should be part of the policy making. This type of programme will give the community a sense of belonging in bringing development to their area. Government-private partnership should be encouraged to stimulate development in the region. In the advanced world, public and private partnership promotes development in any tourism destination. Therefore, the government should encourage partnership with private individuals in promoting the coastal region of Ondo. Also, the government should endeavor to cooperate with hoteliers, restaurants and bar owners, civil society groups, banks and other institutions operating in the vicinity of the coastal zone to constantly execute human capacity programmes for the use of the communities in order to further reduce unemployment and youth restiveness in the region. Finally, the government should Endeavour to pay absolute attention towards developing tourism along the coastal line of Ondo state. The development of the coastal line as a tourist destination should be an uppermost priority to the three tiers of government (Federal, State and Local government) 5.2 Conclusions This research has shown that tourism development along the Akoko and Idanre region of Ondo State has many benefits that can aid socio-economic and human development in Ondo state. Based on the research findings, it is concluded that tourism is a valuable contributor to community sustainability and therefore, the government should assist the tourism industry through partnership with host communities as a backup options for more intensive community participation in line with tourism development. Furthermore, the relationship between tourism, socio-economic well-being and needs of the society has to be coordinated. It is quite obvious that if there is no strong commitment and dedication to the goals and objectives of tourism along the Akoko and Idanre region, the venture is likely to fail both socially and economically. In that case, the Government should rise to their responsibility by giving all needed support to the tourism industry in Nigeria in general and along the coastal line in particular so that our dear nation will be a force to reckon with the like of Spain, France, Greece, Brazil and other tourism nations. or Layout P Tag

INTRODUCTION TO LOCAL FIElD TRIP

This is the content f1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1Background Information Field trips are exciting educational opportunities for students and teachers alike. They are designed to enhance the educational experience for all students and provide the students with an opportunity to learn outside the classroom. While these trips are often informative and eye-opening experiences for many students, they require planning and special considerations, especially related to the health needs of students. Federal laws afford all students, including those with special health care needs, the right to participate in these educational experiences. Therefore, it is evident that the schools are a critical partner in planning and executing safe and rewarding field trips for all students. The most successful field trips are the result of collaboration and team planning among school administrators, teachers, other school staff, parents and students. In addition, school districts should have clear districtwide policies and procedures that inform team planning regarding field trips. The Connecticut State Department of Education’s (CSDE) Field Trips: Guidance for Schools(Field Trip Guidelines) are intended to provide students and school districts with information, resources and guidance needed to develop safe plans for the health care needs all students on field trips. Schools should use these guidelines in conjunction with their individual school district policies and procedures. The Field Trip Guidelines include definitions of school-sponsored trips, including field trips and extra-curricular activities, and health related terms; applicable federal and state laws; planning and assessment considerations; suggested responsibilities for the various professionals involved; and useful checklists to assist in the planning and successful management of field trips 1.2 Objectives of Field Exercise The objectives and the aims of the field trip are: 1) To provide firsthand experience 2) To stimulate interest and motivation in science 3) To add relevance to learning and interrelationships 4) To strengthen observation and perception skills 5) To promote personal (social) development 6) To promote tourism development along the coastal line of Lagos. 7) To carve-out socio-economic roles for tourism providers vis-à-vis adjoining settlement 8) To assess the socio-economic contribution of tourism development on the host community 9) To recommend a way forward towards the enhancement of coastal tourism in Nigeria 1.3 Studied Area: 1. Idanre resort centre 2. Awara water scheme 1.4 History of Awara Dam In 1950, the Awara water scheme was constructed and was commissioned 1957 and began producing water to augment the Zones distribution system. The Well House contains one deep well pump that feeds the system using either pressure or reservoir tower levels. The well water is disinfected using chlorine in the form of sodium hypochlorite and is pumped to the distribution system. In the event of a power failure, the well house is equipped with a diesel generator of 800 kilo watt Water Filtration Plant Awara water scheme consists of about 40metres depth of water main, 170cubic metres (m3) of water storage in three reservoirs, and a groundwater well supply of 1360 m3 per day with a power supply of 800 kilo watt The Town often receives requests from educators, organizations, and interested citizens for information regarding the water treatment facilities and processes in the City of Ikare. To help answer these questions, we are pleased to provide the information outlined below on Awara water scheme Ikare water treatment and distribution system. The Awara Water Filtration Plant has two intakes. The primary intake has a nominal diameter of 1000mm, and a total length of 374 metres. The second intake has a nominal diameter of 600 mm, and a length of 84.6 metres. This intake is to be used in the event of an emergency. The intake operates by gravity flow. Chlorine is applied to the intake bell of the 1000 mm diameter intake in Dam. Raw water is sampled at the intake bell and pumped by sample pump to the plant laboratory. Raw Water Screens the traveling water screen is the unit primarily used to prevent coarse materials in the raw water from entering the low-lift suction well. When this unit is taken out of service, the bypass screen can be used. The fitration process takes place with the following machines and chemical stated below: Low Lift Pumping Stations Screened, raw water is pumped from the low lift pump well to the raw water discharge header and then to the plant flocculation tanks. Coagulation is added at a motorized inline blender, located on the discharge header of the low lift pumps. The low lift pumping station is equipped with four pumps. Flocculation The plant is equipped with three passes of two-stage hydraulic flocculation. Flocculation is a process that clarifies the water. Clarifying means removing turbidity (e.g., suspended sediment or fine particles) and colours so that the water is clear and colourless. The process of flocculation basically involves causing a precipitate to form in the water by entrapping the small particles, which then stick together, or coagulate, to form bigger particles. The coagulated precipitate takes most of the suspended particles out of the water, which can then be removed through simple physical methods such as filtration. Filtration There are two types of filters in the Awara Water Filtration Plant. The original Filters 1 and 2 are gravity flow with a dual media consisting of granular activated carbon and sand with a gravel support and clay tile under drains. Filters 1 and 2 use water surface wash agitators to agitate the media during the low water wash phase of the wash cycle. Filters 3 and 4 are gravity flow with a granular activated carbon and sand media with strainer under drains capable of an air scour during backwash. The objective of filtration is to remove flock particulate matter from the water prior to disinfection to optimize the disinfection processes. Backwash The backwash system uses treated water from the clearwells for backwashing the filters. Two vertical turbine pumps are provided for backwash purposes. The objective of the backwash system is to provide an adequate backwash to minimize filtered water effluent turbidity, maximize solids carrying capacity of the media, and, consequently, maximize filter run time. Post-Filtration Chlorine Contact Tanks Filtered water is collected in a filtered water effluent header, directed through a common point for chlorine addition and directed into a two-stage baffled chlorine contact tank. The two stages are identified as Chlorine Contact Tank 1 and Chlorine Contact Tank 2. The objective of the chlorine tanks is to provide a defined period of contact between the filtered water and the chemical disinfectant, chlorine. The tanks were designed to provide for three-log inactivation of viruses, which represents the level of virus inactivation appropriate for the City of Orillia's water source. On-Site Reservoir Storage The clearwell consists of two cells, each with an approximate capacity of 1500m³. The clear well provides buffering capacity for changes to and differences in high lift pumping and filtration rates. The clear well also provides a supply of water for filter backwashing. All of the water discharged from the chlorine tanks passes to the clear well. Three high-lift pumps and one backwash pump draw from each cell, ensuring a continued water supply to each pressure zone in the distribution system and for backwash operations. High Lift Pumping Station The high lift pumps discharge treats water from the clearwells into two pressure zones in the distribution system. Each zone is supplied by three pumps with the option of obtaining water from either cell of the clear well. Ultraviolet Disinfection System The plant is equipped with three ultraviolet (UV) disinfection reactors located on the high lift pump discharge. Chlorination System The chlorination system consists of five chlorinators. The primary function of the chlorination system is to supply chlorine to the various application points for chemical disinfection of viruses. Chlorine can be used as a backup to the UV disinfection system in the event of a partial or complete failure of that system. Pre-chlorine is typically added to the intake diffuser in proportion to the raw water to protect against zebra mussels. Post-chlorine is added before the filtered water enters the chlorine contact tanks and is considered the primary application point for the chemical in the plant disinfection system. Top up of the chlorine residual at the Zone 1 and 2 high lift headers may be necessary to ensure an optimal level for maintenance of residual in the water distribution system. Chlorine is applied at these final locations in proportion to the discharge flow into the zone. Control panels We offer a wide range of manual and automatic controls, providing a selection of functions that make the pumps work at their most efficient. FCP 500 Complete start- and control equipment with built-in Flygt APP 521 pump controller incl. all necessary functions for start stop and monitoring. The panel is built with separate compartment for control and power circuits respectively, i.e. adjustments and fault tracing can easily be done securely screened from power circuits. The power compartment is arranged with a door-interlocked main isolator switch. The supply side is securely screened from live-parts. FCE Three-phase control panel, for automatic duty or manual operation of one or two pumps with Flygt level regulator ENM-10, the control panel includes a main supply switch and motor protection switches for each pump. All panels are prepared for supervision with MiniCAS II or MicroCAS, the FCE panels are available in four levels of option package (S, M, L, E). EPE Three-phase control panel, for manual or automatic operation of one or two pumps with Flight level regulator ENM-10. The control panel includes a contactor with thermal overload relay and control voltage 24 VAC. Must be connected to separate fuses/mini circuit breakers for each pump and control. The EPE panels are available in three versions (S, M, and L) The newly-rehabilitated Awara Water Supply Scheme (Awara Dam) in Ikare-Akoko, Akoko North-East Local Government Area of the Ondo State will supply 6.7million litres of potable water to the people of Ikare, Akungba in Akoko South-West andArigidi-Akoko in Akoko North-West area of the state, when completed. Managing Director of NASTON Engineering, the firm handling the rehabilitation of the project, Kole Funso disclosed this during a working visit to the facility by the State Governor, Dr Olusegun Mimiko. Mimiko, who was conducted round the Dam expressed satisfaction over the level of work done, and assured that the project will be commissioned soon. The governor stressed the importance of potable water supply both for industrial and domestic use and reiterated the commitment of his administration to the provision of this essential need for the people of the state. According to him, the Dam was built in 1956 but it had not undergone any major rehabilitation for years. He also pointed out that some repairs would still be carried out on damaged pipelines that would supply water to some communities in Ikare suburbs, so that the multi-billion naira project could achieve its desired objective. Mimiko said: “The project is ready for commissioning and I’m very happy at the quality of the job done. It was professionally done. You will recall that Awara Dam was built in 1950, commissioned in the year 1957 and since then, there had not been a major rehabilitation there. “What we have carried out in the last few years is a total overhaul of Awara, this is like a brand new Awara Dam. We hope that we would have enough water to serve Ikare Township up To Akungba. Although, there are still some issues with reticulation within Ikare itself, some of the burst pipes, and once we repair these, there will be enough water for our people,” he said. The governor visited the palace of the Olukare of Ikare, Oba Akadiri Momoh, where he solicited the supports of the monarch and his subjects in providing adequate security for the equipment at the Dam. He also assured the monarch that contracts for the dualization of the road leading to the town and the construction of Mother and Child Hospital in the town would soon be awarded. The Diagram below Illustrates some of the Instruments Used In Awara Water Scheme and the water bodies: 1.5 History of Idanre Idanre hill is one of the most awesome and beautiful natural landscapes in Ondo State and Nigeria. Added to its beauty which fires human curiosity is the fact that the entire people of Idanre lived on these boulders for almost a millennium. Since emigration downhill in 1923, the topography, vegetation as well as the fauna and flora life have remained undistributed. However the festivals provides occasions for reconciliation of the low-Landers and their natural environments as well as reenactments or .historical episodes in local Idanre history and its wider Yoruba ideology, mythology and confederacy According to history, Idanre people used to live high up on the hills, in an area which is now known as Old Oke-Idanre, a major attraction at Idanre Hills Tourist Center. This area consists of old and dilapidated mud buildings roofed in rust-brown iron sheets, set on well laid-out streets. Attesting to the architectural taste of the old Idanre people, the old magistrate court, the first primary school, the Oba’s palace and the market square hold their original place and location at Odeja Village, Old Oke - Idanre. It was recorded that the old Idanre people descended the hills and resettled at the present foothill location of Idanre town. It has also been noted that every street in the new Idanre town has a replica at the Old-OkeIdanre and every family has been allowed to retain ownership of their family houses at the Old enclave. The people are known to be very proud of their heritage in culture and history and these have never ceased to draw tourists of all ramifications to the hilltop site. However, in order to reach the hilltop village site, one will have to ascend 660 steps that lead up the hills. Orosun festival is held annually, every May, in Idanre. It is a week-long activity during which every family in the enclave including the traditional Oba ascends the hills and lives in their family houses at the Old-OkeIdanre. Indigenes of the town travel down home from far and near to partake of the festival which is packed full of interesting activities which include cultural dances at the Old OkeIdanre, Bat-hunting expeditions to the largest and most dread and revered caves on the hills- Owa and Ojomu caves as well as spiritual cleansing of the ancient town and sacrificial offerings to Orosun- the god of the highest peak on the hills (Orosun peak). Idanre hills hold the highest elevation in SW Nigeria- the Orosun peak which attains a height of about 3018 metres above sea level and is often seen towering into the sky with an intimidation shroud of gently floating clouds embracing it. Orosun peak is regarded as sacred and it is worshipped by the people of Idanre. Numerous landmarks abound on the hills. The “Ark of Noah“- an ancient wooden structure made in form of a ship and placed on a relatively flat hilltop. It is often regarded by the ancient people of Idanre as the biblical Ark of Noah; and although Biblical accounts that the ark rested on the Ararat Mountains (Turkey), but this never seem to shake the beliefs of the indigenes as they readily swear by the god of iron (ogun) when a visitor expresses doubt at their claims. figure 1.2 showing the diagram of the wonderful rock which also serve as resting point of the tourist centre for visitors that visits their Idanre Town enclosed by massive inselbergs “The Wonderful Mat” is another interesting attraction at the hill tops. It consists of a unique set of cross-etchings on a rock face. Another one is “The Unreadable Letters of the Flood”, which is indigenously known as “Adìyekòwé, Òyìmbókàátì” inscription which means ‘a white man cannot decipher a chicken’s writing’. It is composed of lines and strokes made on a steep rock at Old Oke-Idanre. The characters are there for people to behold, but no one has come up with convincing interpretations of these letters. In the words of one of the Kabiyesis, he said that through oral history handed down by his great grandfather, the writings can be interpreted thus “We shall be here for a while”; it is believed that the letters are older than Hebrew language, but still waiting to see whoever comes up with any proof. of high regard among the most tourist-demanded sites on the hills is the Agboogun foot print, which is described a human foot print naturally carved on a rock surface. The foot print is said to fit the size of any ones feet except that of people with witchcraft spirits. This belief has been used by the indigenes to detect “witches” in the Idanre community. Also considered to be of great significance is the massive Ojimo baInsel berg. It is considered by the people to have spiritual powers capable of protecting the people in the time of war. The pristine Arun River exudes from a crevice somewhere far away in the hills and winds its way down the steep and rugged slopes of the hills and its volume bulging forming picturesque rapids as various springs link up to it along its course. It is regard as of high importance in the area as it is one of the very few perennial water channels on the mountains. Among the countless caves found on the hills, Owa, Ojomu, Omi-Iwo and Olofin caves are about the most outstanding. Ensconced in an extremely remote area on the hills is the mystifying Owa Cave. It is often said by the people that the cave could accommodate a thousand people. This is especially unbelievable to a visiting tourist as caves of such large extents are rarely formed in granites. Only a visit had cleared such doubts as one is unavoidably held in awe of the dexterous work of nature in crafting the amphitheatre form of the cave. On entering the cave, the visitor is first greeted by the ecstatic calls of its nocturnal tenants as the gloomy recesses swallows him in. With the help of torch lights, the inner features of the cave unfold to reveal guano-coated rock boulders and a crystal-clear spring exuding from the centre of the cave. The cave also has an exit point at its distant end. fig 1.3 showing the diagram of a magic stone during the acient period the stone is used to determined whether to marry or not if a lady is to marry to a man she will be ask to lift up the stone to the level of her breast, however if she was unable to perform the operation as said that shows that her marriage will be forfeited for that year. So therefore she has to wait for another extra year to get married. fig 1.5 Old Oke-Idanre Olofin cave is another awe-inspiring cave situated at a highly inaccessible location on the hills and as a result it is rarely visited by tourists. It is said to be the burial site of Olofin, Oduduwa’s son, who was the first Oba of Old Oke-Idanre. It was also said that special spiritual rites have to be performed for the cave to be opened up for tourist visits. Omi-Iho cave is a picturesque but smaller cave located at the base of a massive outcrop within the present foothill Idanre Town. It has a spring emanating from within it which is said to possess therapeutic powers. People travel down to Idanre to obtain water from this spring for medical purposes. The villagers reiterated that the water can also be used for healing purposes if taken at dawn (just before 6am). The eye-catching Aghaghainselberg is another site worth seeing on the hills. figure 1.3 showing old primary school of idanre As much as the rainy season is not the best time to go visiting the hills as the route to most of the attractions becomes highly inaccessible, it might also be the appropriate time for waterfall-lovers to go exploring the hills as the hilltop waterfall constitutes an exciting attraction at Old Oke-Idanre. Nevertheless, the tourist center is not in a good shape presently as the hilltop tourist chalets are dilapidated and facilities such as paved paths and signs leading to the attractions on the hills, detailed maps, hotels, wildlife reserve etc. are lacking at the hill tourist centre. The construction of a world-class golf resort was started off at a Alade-Idanre, a location just about 2 kilometers from the hills and from which views of the hilly landscape would have been a great advantage; nevertheless, political instability hindered the success of the project as nothing had been heard of it again since then. If the government will do something reasonable about this wonderful and promising haven of natural wonder, the economy of the state and the country at large will definitely receive a significant boost and the external image of the country will be made better. Fig 1 The map showing geographical region of idanre Fig 2 Map of Idanre showing the Rock outcrops at Odode-Idanre 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Water Resources Management in Nigeria The traditional methods of water exploitation in Nigeria consist of direct collection of rain water with pots, guards and other containers and extraction from springs, streams, ponds and wells. Water shortages during the dry season are quite common as many of these Sources dry up. People then have to trek long distances in search of water. Apart from the Problem of irregular water supply from these sources, there is the problem that the water is Untreated and therefore carries organisms parasitic to man. Mabogunje (1965) has reviewed the pattern of water resources development in Nigeria especially during the colonial period. As he pointed out one of the primary objectives ofwater supply development during this period was 'to improve the quality of drinking waterand so reduce the debilitating effect of water-borne diseases on the population'. Because offinancial limitations however, this development was concentrated in a few Centre’s locatedalong major trade and transportation routes serving the export-oriented colonial economy. The first modern water supply scheme in the country was established in Lagos in 1915and by 1953, 27 other waterworks had been built in various parts of the country. Only a fewof these water schemes were wholly financed by the colonial government, the others beingpartly financed by the native authorities. Between 1953 and 1960, the number of towns havingmodem water supplies increased from 28 to 67. The total water consumed per day alsorose from 13.8 million gallons in 1953 to over 57 million gallons in 1960. The amount of588water consumed as well as the number of water schemes has been growing at a phenomenalrate since then. Nearby streams and springs can no longer satisfy the needs of the growingpopulations in urban centers and sources of water are now sought in bigger rivers locatedfarther away from these Centre’s. Bigger and more costly dams as well as large storage tanksare now being built to ensure an adequate and continuous supply of water. The financing ofsuch gigantic water projects is now wholly shouldered by state governments. In the First National Development Plan covering the period 1962-1968 the total allocation for water supply was N 48.6 million or about 3.6 per cent of the total planned capitalexpenditure in the public sector. The actual capital expenditure on water supply during thisperiod was, however, N 49.4 million or 4.4 per cent of the total actual expenditure. In theSecond National Development Plan (1970-1975) launched immediately after the civil war,N 103.4 million or 5 per cent of the total expenditure for the plan period was allocated towater supply and provision of modern sewerage systems for Ibadan and Lagos. There arehowever variations from state to state in the proportion of total expenditure earmarked for Water resources development. The figures range from 20 per cent in North Central State to 6.9 per cent in the South Eastern State. In the Third National Development Plan (1975-1980),N930.038 million or 2.8 per cent of the total planned expenditure in the public sector has been earmarked for water supply schemes. The drop in the proportion of total expenditureearmarked for water supply schemes is to be decried, in view of the fact that Nigeria's percapital expenditure on this important resource is still very low, and compares unfavourably with the situation even in advanced countries where pipe-borne water is already a ubiquitousamenity.It should be realized that adequate and readily available pipe-borne water supply is notonly a social amenity but also an important factor for production. In the rural areas ofNigeria, water is still the most sought-after commodity and it ranks very highly on thepeople's scale of developmental preferences. Hence the launching in recent years of self-helpwater projects in smaller towns and villages aimed at bringing this commodity within easyreach of the people. This logically leads us to the question of the institutional framework formanaging Nigeria's water resources and the relevant policy decisions. As Mabogunje (1965)has rightly pointed out, part of the crisis in the development of water resources in Nigeria isdue to differences of opinion with regard to the objectives of economic development in developingcountries. One school of thought sees the objective of economic development asthat of increasing over a period of time the real income of a country. To achieve this, it isbelieved that development planning should concentrate on expanding infrastructural facilitiesin those places where their effects on the national economy are likely to be most beneficial. This appears to have been the overriding policy of the colonial government in developing Nigeria's water resources at least up to the early fifties when self-government was grantedto the then regional governments in the west, east, and the north. The second school ofthought sees the objective of economic development as the improvement in the standard ofliving of the people through an increase in their per capita income over a period of time. Itis believed by proponents of this view that the provision of such amenities as good roads,pipe-borne water and electricity should be extended to areas where the immediate effectsare likely to be no more than that of improving the quality of life of the people. Policy decisions in Nigeria with regard to the provision of pipe-borne water supplies havetended to veer between these two views of development planning at least up to the time the army came to power in 1966. The present regime seems to be guided in its water resourcesdevelopment policy by the belief that water should be a welfare necessity. However, thedevelopment of Nigeria's water resources is still uncoordinated. Provision of water supplyfor domestic and industrial needs is largely the responsibility of various state governmentswhich often pursue different water development and pricing policies. The various statesnow have water boards or corporations charged with responsibility for the operation andmaintenance of water supply schemes in the state concerned as well as the provision of waterto those areas which at present lack modern water supply facilities. In the northern stateswhere irrigation is practiced, irrigation works have been generally under the Ministry of Agriculture. The present administrative arrangements are obviously not suitable for multipurposedevelopment of Nigeria's river basins since these basins in many cases cut across state boundaries. Besides, water resources development or management involves more than the provisionof pipe-borne water for domestic and industrial needs.Water resources management may be regarded as the modification of the hydrologicalcycle for the benefit of mankind. It involves not only the beneficial uses of water resourcesbut also the prevention, avoidance or minimization of the effects of water excess (flood) ordeficiency (drought) (Douglas, 1973). The major elements of water resources developmentor management therefore include water supply for domestic and industrial uses, irrigation,hydroelectric power, navigation improvement, drainage and flood control, outdoor recreationand fish and wildlife conservation among others. In other words, water resources developmentis concerned with the use of water and related resources for better living (Workie, 1971). What is needed therefore in the Nigerian context is a unified rational approach towater resources planning and development that takes cognizance of prevailing hydrologicalfacts. To achieve an orderly development of the country's water resources to meet future demands, we need to know: (1) The nature and magnitude of the available water resources (2) The future domestic, industrial and agricultural requirements of water and (3) How these requirements can be met. The Federal Government of Nigeria seems to be aware of these needs and is now showinginterest in the development of the country's river basin resources. During the last planperiod (1970-1975), the Federal Government established development authorities for the Sokoto - Rima basin in the North Western State and the South-Chad basin in the NorthEastern State. Studies of four other river basins—the Cross River, the Imo River and the Ogun and Osun Rivers—were commissioned to assess their water resources and irrigationpotential. During the current plan period (1975-1980), the Federal Government proposesto establish five more river basin development authorities bringing to seven the number ofsuch basin authorities in the country. The proposed development authorities would be forthe River Niger basin, the Benue, the Cross, the Ogun/Oshun and the Hadejia/Jamabre River basins. The functions of existing and proposed river basin development authorities should howeverinclude in addition to irrigation which is at present the focus of attention, water resourcesconservation, control and planning involving navigation improvement, the developmentof hydropower (where suitable), fisheries and out-door recreation as well as flood controland land drainage especially in respect of the river basins located in the wetter south. Inother words, there should be multipurpose, rather than single purpose development of theriver basin resources since greater overall economy can be achieved in this way (Workie, 1971). Also since river basins constitute natural subdivisions of water resources, the wholecountry should be divided into its component river basins and each basin administered bya river authority. The Federal Government recently created a new Ministry of Water Resources with responsibilityfor irrigation and dams’ development and the planning and control of water suppliesin Nigeria. The Government is at present studying draft national water legislation submittedby the country's Hydrological Technical Committee. If and when this draft legislationis passed a Water Resources Commission would be created to supervise and control waterresources development and management in the country. The functions and powers of thenewly created Ministry of Water Resources and those of the proposed Water ResourcesCommission should however be clearly spelt out to avoid friction and ensure maximum cooperationand coordination in the country's water resources development and management.The proposed Institute of Water Resources should also be established without delay.The Institute should be charged with responsibility for collating and publishing hydrologicaldata from the river basin authorities and for carrying out basic and applied research in thefields of hydrology and water resources development and management. This Institute couldalso be used for the training of middle-level manpower in these fields. At present, no Nigerianuniversity offers degree or diploma courses in hydrology, hydrogeology or water resourcestechnology. Some of the existing departments of civil engineering and geology in theuniversities could be expanded and the necessary facilities provided for the teaching of thesesubjects. In many countries, teaching programmes in hydrology or hydrogeology usuallyrequire prior knowledge or study of one of the basic sciences like civil engineering, geology,geography, meteorology or agricultural engineering. The hydrologist is then a very valuable expert because of his sound knowledge of related subjects. 2.2 Tourism Activities in Nigeria The phenomenon associated with tourism is wide spread and it incorporates many fields of geography. Only a handful of geographers, however, devote themselves to the geography of tourism. Nevertheless, Fred (2007) explains that tourism differs from travels, as leisure differs from labour. People travel for any number of reasons, from business to war or religious trips. Tourism therefore, if travel undertaken for pleasure. It involves rest and relaxation, sports, cultural exchange, educational and aesthetic experience or eating and shopping, depending on individual taste. Tourism can be categorized into two, domestic international tourism (Okpoko, 2007). Domestic tourism describes travel within the country of residence, while international tourism deals with travels to other countries. Eboka (1999) describes tourism to be a movement of people to destinations outside their normal abode on a temporary or short-term visit as well as the services industries created to satisfy the need arising from these movements within or across international boundaries. According to the United Nations Statistical Commission and the World Tourism Organization in Osamwonyi (2004), “tourism includes activities of people travelling away from their usual environment for leisure, businesses, and other purposes and affecting in various ways the natural and social environment”. Pearce (2007) opined that, “tourism is essentially about people and places, the places one group of people leave, visit and pass through, the other group who make their trip possible and those they encounter along the way”. He went further to stress that tourism Journal of Sustainable Development Studies may be thought of as the relationship and phenomena arising out of the journeys and temporary stay of people traveling primarily for leisure or recreational purposes. 3.0 OBSERVATION AND PERSONAL CHALLENGES 3.1 Observations Observation is one of the key elements in the qualitative research method. It involves looking, sighting and listening very carefully. It is also referred to as an obstructive method of research. The observer is not in direct contact with the observed and still executes the observation successfully. The purpose of carrying out an observation in this research work is to study the impact of tourism development along in Ondo State on the people from the natural setting without influencing their behaviour. In this case, the data from observation will provide deeper quality and richer understanding than any other types of qualitative research method such as interviews. While interview methods study an opinion from an individual point of view, observation tends to retrieve data on a collective basis. However, the basis of the observation is categorized in two ways: tourism activities at Idanre, water resource management at Ikare in ondostate and its socio-economic impact on the people 4.0 REPORT AND ANALYSIS OF THE INTERVIEW 4.1 Report Idanre is bound by longitudes 5°00' E to 5°15' E and latitude’s 7°00' N to 7°15' N, covering an area of 750 km². The general terrain of Idanre stands at a height of between 286-500m above sea level. It is elevated in relation to the surrounding rainforest zone of southwestern Nigeria, which lies at ≈ 200 m abs and for which average temperatures have been recorded between 24 -34°C and rainfall up to 2000 mm. The general cover vegetation in Idanre, especially at the base of Ufe-Oke Hills, is composed of herbaceous species, lianes, climbers and tree seedlings. Among these, dominant genera include Chromolaena, Aspilia, and Combretum. Uphill on Ufe-Oke, shallow valleys and cracks accommodate small trees and shrubs while the gentler slopes form substrates for various families of grass. The deeper valleys and cracks accommodate larger, taller trees such as those from the families Sterculiaceae, Apocynaceae, etc, which appear to take the advantage of the deep soil formed from weathering of the rocks. Large areas of the rock surface also support diverse types of lichen, blue-green algae and patches of moss—important indicators of rock degradation and plant succession. From 2007 up to 2009, sampling was carried out in the study area during four visits: twice in the rainy season (≈ April to October) and also twice in the dry season (≈ November to March). These sampling sessions were car-ried out in the Ufe-Oke section of Idanre Hills across three pre-selected transects, which were designated based on elevation and spatial considerations. These transects are named as follows: Base (below 400 m abs): from the foot of Ufe-Oke section of the hills up to the site of the ancient town, where the topography evens out into more level, horizontal ground. Amid these lower slopes lies the stairway carved out for tourists to ascend into the hills. Mid Height (400 - 500 m abs): The elevation containing the site of ancient Idanre town, which is located on comparatively horizontal ground and lies amidst the highest jutting peaks within the Ufe-Oke area. This transect contains some anthropological features such as deserted huts from the ancient town and little scattered farm plots under active cultivation. The ancient town is divided into four major quarters which are Isalu, Irowo, Idale and Ajin, demarcated by jutting peaks, gulleys and streams. Summit (above 500 m abs): The highest peaks in Ufe- Oke, which protrude above Mid Height, the site of the ancient town. Among these highest peaks is Orosun, from where the headwater of Arunjeje River takes its course. During the field visits, rocks and mineral samples were collected and 4.2 Analysis of the Interview Day one is about the tourism activities at Idanre in Ondo State. This question was meant to measure the level of tourism development in Idanre. All the interviews bear their thought on the recent development, while some shared the view of how it was in the past. Interview revealed that the tourist Centre has increased the value of trade, generating employment opportunities the man whom I interview stated that what inform him of staying here was the traditional religion according to the interview scheduled the hilltop is not made for festival only it’s also made for cultivation of different crops such as cocoa, yam, maize and so many other crops which generate revenue to the community many challenges has been faced at the tourist Centre because of the topography feature and this can be improved by provision of lift and leveling of the areas that seems to be deep than the others, according to him there are some spiritual advantages which can also encouraged people in going to the hilltop such as provision of child and healing of sick people in which the Acient river has be meant for which is called Arun river. Day two (2) since 1950 the construction of Awara dam has been awarded by engineer Robot and ended in 1956, the dam was commissioned in 1957 which means that Awara Dam was constructed within Seven years and what constitute the location of the dam at the location was the availability of water, sufficient space of land, and the topography of the area. During the regime of Dr. Olusegun Mimiko the engineer state that there is plan for the enlargement of the dam, the proportion of the land used for the project is not specified Because of the inadequate measuring tools according to the engineer the level of water supply is (3) times per week with 5million liter’s for public consumption. While the people of ikare say that the water is only released two times in a year and that they are not satisfied with the level of water supply, They states that they have faced so many challenges in the water supply and some pipes has been damaged they also suggests that the government should please gives helping hand with the water corporation to repair the damaged machines, pipes, and also provides electricity power supply to helps improved in the supplying of water. 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Having gone through a critical survey on the impact of tourism and water resources management in Ondo State, it is important to suggest and recommend possible solutions for the improvement of tourism development in the study area in order to positively have an impact on the host community 5.1 Recommendations The government should provide infrastructural facilities in the studied area mentioned earlier in Ondo State. Facilities such as parking space and good road networking should be provided in the studied area. Though these facilities exist at the moment, it is not enough to meet the need of the visitors, especially during the festive period. Providing these facilities will enhance and direct actions towards developing the tourist area as a tourist destination. It will also ensure free flow of traffic in the area, thereby giving the residents peace of mind about the usual traffic jam along the study area during the festive period. As a matter of fact, it will also provide jobs for the residents of the area in terms of road construction and maintenance of the parking space. It is well known that facilities play a significant role in enhancing national development. In other words, if these facilities are put in place, it will serve as an element of development in the studied area in particular and the country in general. The studied areas should be expanded. To avoid over-congestion on the areas, more development should be encouraged to other towns in Ondo State. An observation in this research shows that there are some areas along the Akure road of Ondo State which remain untapped. The government should extend development to these areas to serve as a tourist destination. Extension of development to such areas will directly reduce over-congestion on the already existing tourist center in Ondo. Apart from that, the development will bring about job opportunities to the residents of Ondo which signify an improvement in their socio-economic well-being. Security should also be provided within the water bodies areas of ondo state to ensure safety of lives in the water. Security personnel such as lifesavers and water-guides should be the main priority of the government within the beaches and dams. This will create a good impression among the visitors on the safety of their life. In this regard, the government should partner with the inhabitants of the water scheme region to form a strong water-security in the area. If these can be put in place, it will serve as a social benefit to the tourists and an economic benefit to the inhabitants of the host community. Media awareness is a contributing factor to any tourist destination in the world. The government should try as much as they can to market the Awara dam located at Ikare of Ondo State as a potential tourist destination. Other dam’s destinations of the world such as akure water scheme Ikogosi spring Water Niger River Basin Ilorin and Coastal delsol in Spain are known globally through media promotion and advertisement. The Dam at Ikare in Ondo State has all it takes to match up with the rest of the world in terms of coastal tourism. In that sense, proper and efficient promotion strategy should be implemented and executed in order to market the area and create global awareness. Water Basin management should be encouraged. The Water bodies area of Ondo should be properly managed and maintained by the government. The issue of pollution and solid waste disposal should be properly organized. It is important to know that most of the beaches were shanties and dump areas for residents and visitors and if proper management is introduced, it will eradicate the irregularities and make the region a hygienic environment. It is advisable to introduce a community based environmental sanitation on a weekly basis to arrest environmental degradation and unwanted disposal of waste in the water. The government should come up with a proper policy implementation that would protect the coastal environment from losing value and also protect the inhabitants, investors and other tourism stakeholders in the area. The policy should be harnessed in such a way that it will ensure sustainability of the Water bodies area. The host community should be encouraged to participate in the development of the Dam through a community-based programme put in place by the government. The programme should be totally funded by the government and the representatives of the community should be part of the policy making. This type of programme will give the community a sense of belonging in bringing development to their area. Government-private partnership should be encouraged to stimulate development in the region. In the advanced world, public and private partnership promotes development in any tourism destination. Therefore, the government should encourage partnership with private individuals in promoting the coastal region of Ondo. Also, the government should endeavor to cooperate with hoteliers, restaurants and bar owners, civil society groups, banks and other institutions operating in the vicinity of the coastal zone to constantly execute human capacity programmes for the use of the communities in order to further reduce unemployment and youth restiveness in the region. Finally, the government should Endeavour to pay absolute attention towards developing tourism along the coastal line of Ondo state. The development of the coastal line as a tourist destination should be an uppermost priority to the three tiers of government (Federal, State and Local government) 5.2 Conclusions This research has shown that tourism development along the Akoko and Idanre region of Ondo State has many benefits that can aid socio-economic and human development in Ondo state. Based on the research findings, it is concluded that tourism is a valuable contributor to community sustainability and therefore, the government should assist the tourism industry through partnership with host communities as a backup options for more intensive community participation in line with tourism development. Furthermore, the relationship between tourism, socio-economic well-being and needs of the society has to be coordinated. It is quite obvious that if there is no strong commitment and dedication to the goals and objectives of tourism along the Akoko and Idanre region, the venture is likely to fail both socially and economically. In that case, the Government should rise to their responsibility by giving all needed support to the tourism industry in Nigeria in general and along the coastal line in particular so that our dear nation will be a force to reckon with the like of Spain, France, Greece, Brazil and other tourism nations. or Layout P Tag

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Adekunle ajasin university aceptance fee has nw be increase 4rm 21 to 25 thousand naira ,the vc.prof femi mimiko has exhaust his time and anothe vc has been apointed click on http://aaua.edu.ng/news to read more